Muhammad

 

Muhammad[~ 1] (Arabic: [muˈħammad] (classical Arabic pronunciation: [muˈħammad] Listen to information about the file); circa 570, Mecca — June 8, 632, Medina, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula[1][2]) was an Arab religious, public and political figure, the founder and central figure of Islam[3]. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet inspired by God to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.[3][4][5][6]. It is considered the seal of the prophets in Islam[~ 2]. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim state, and the Koran, teachings, and traditions of Muhammad became the foundation of the Islamic religious faith. Muhammad was born around 570 in Mecca[1]. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father was the son of the leader of the Quraysh tribe, Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim. Abdullah died a few months before Muhammad was born. Muhammad Amin's mother died when he was six years old, leaving him an orphan[7]. He grew up under the supervision of his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and his paternal uncle Abu Talib[8]. In later years, he would periodically retire to a mountain cave called Hira for several nights to pray. When Muhammad was 40 years old, he reported that he was visited by Jibril in a cave[1][9], where he received his first revelation from God. In 613,[10] Muhammad began to publicly preach these revelations[11], proclaiming that "God is one", that complete "submission" (Islam) to God[12] is the right way of life (din)[13] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, like other prophets in Islam.[14][15][16]. There were initially few followers of Muhammad, and for 13 years they experienced hostility from the Meccan polytheists. To escape the ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijra calendar. In Madinah, Muhammad united the tribes under the constitution of Madinah. In December 629, after eight years of periodic battles with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest took place with little resistance, and Muhammad captured the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from a farewell pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[17][18] The revelations (each of which is known as an ayat, literally a "sign"), which Muhammad reported receiving before his death, constitute verses of the Quran, considered by Muslims as the literal "Word of God" on which religion is based. In addition to the Quran, the teachings and traditions (Sunnah) of Muhammad contained in hadith and sira (biographies) are also supported and used as sources of Islamic law (Sharia).

The name "Muhammad" means "Praised" (Arabic), "worthy of praise" and is found four times in the Quran[19]. The Qur'an refers to Muhammad in the second person, calling him a prophet (nabi), messenger (rasul), servant of God (abd), messenger of joy (Bashir), warner (nazir), reminder (muzakkir), witness (shaheed), invoker to God (dai), etc. The Qur'an also calls him Ahmad, meaning "more praiseworthy" (Arabic: أححمممممم))).

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